The 1919 Eddington Result-- No Curved Spacetime required
1.0 R☉
(696000 km)
A field's local data is a ladder — value, slope, curvature. A ray at speed c reads two rungs, and they answer equally.
A constant field bends nothing — direction answers only to change. The value sets timing, not path.
0.875″ — the pull across the ray's path. The half known since 1801.
0.875″ — locked equal to the slope's half because the field everywhere equals the average of its surroundings. Together: 1.75″.
The Key Insight: Newton's calculation gave half the answer. The other half was always there in plain sight.